The major distinctions between 401(k)s and IRAs include their contribution limits, eligibility criteria, investment options, early withdrawal penalties, required minimum distributions, and employer matching contributions.

401(k)s generally have higher contribution limits compared to IRAs. In 2022, the contribution limit for a 401(k) is $20,500, while it is $6,000 for an IRA (with an additional $1,000 catch-up contribution for those aged 50 and above).

Eligibility for a 401(k) is usually tied to employment, meaning you need to work for a company that offers a 401(k) plan. IRAs, on the other hand, can be opened by anyone with earned income and have no employment requirements.

401(k)s often offer a limited selection of investment options predetermined by the employer, such as mutual funds. IRAs typically provide more freedom to choose from a wide range of investment options, including individual stocks, bonds, and real estate.

Early withdrawals from both accounts before the age of 59½ usually incur penalties, but 401(k)s may have stricter penalties. With a 401(k), early withdrawals may result in a 10% penalty on top of the income tax due, while IRA early withdrawals may only be subject to income tax.

Required minimum distributions (RMDs) are generally mandatory for both accounts after the age of 72. In a 401(k), if you are still employed and not a 5% owner, RMDs might be deferred. However, IRA owners must start taking RMDs regardless of their employment status.

Lastly, while some employers match an employee’s 401(k) contributions up to a certain percentage, and therefore provide “free money,” IRAs do not have employer matching contributions.